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abandon: (uh-BAN-dun) v. To leave.
absolute: (AB-soh-loot) adj. Unlimited.
abundance: (uh-BUN-dunz) n. A great supply; more than is needed.
accident: (AKS-i-dunt) n. Something that happens by chance.
accurate: (AK-yoor-it) adj. Free from mistakes.
acrobat: (AK-roh-bat) n. A performer who does tumbling or tricks on the trapeze or tightrope.
adapt: (uh-DAPT) v. To change to fit the environment.
administrator: (ad-MIN-us-tray-tor) n. One who oversees others in their work.
admire: (ad-MIYR) v. To like; look upon with pleasure.
adopt: (uh-DAHPT) v. To take or use as one’s own.
adultery: (uh-DUL-tur-ee) n. The act of being unfaithful to a wife or husband.
adventure: (ad-VEN-chur) n. Exciting travel or event.
afterlife: (AF-tur-LIYF) n. Life after death.
afterworld: (AF-tur-WURLD) n. A world thought to exist after death.
aggressive: (uh-GRES-iv) adj. Starting fights or quarrels.
alliance: (uh-LIY-ins) n. Close association for a common purpose.
alloy: (AL-loi) n. A metal that is a mixture of two or more metals.
ally: (AL-liy) n. A friend, friendly nation, or group.
alternate: (AWL-tur-nit) adj. One that takes the place of another.
amateur: (AM-uh-chur) n. A person who does something for the fun of it, not for money.
ambition: (am-BISH-un) n. The desire to do or achieve something.
amulet: (AM-yoo-lit) n. A magic charm to keep away evil.
ancestor: (AN-ses-tur) n. A family member who lived long ago.
annals: (AN-uhlz) n. Yearly written account of events.
antler: (ANT-lur) n. A bone on the head of animals in the deer family.
aqueduct: (AK-wuh-DUKT) n. A bridge or other structure that helps move water in a certain direction.
Arabia: (uh-RAY-bee-uh) n. A peninsula in Southwestern Asia surrounded by the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, and the Persian Gulf.
archer: (AHR-chur) n. A person who shoots with a bow and arrows.
arthritis: (ahr-THRIY-tis) n. A disease of the joints.
artifact: (AHR-ti-fakt) n. An object made by humans.
artisan: (AHR-tez-in) n. A person skilled at making things.
assassinate: (uh-SAS-i-nayt) v. To murder a politically important person by surprise attack.
assembly: (uh-SEM-blee) n. A group of people who meet together.
astrology: (uh-STRAHL-uh-jee) n. The study of the positions of the stars and planets to try to predict the future.
astronomer: (uh-STRAHN-uh-mur) n. A person who studies stars and other heavenly bodies.
Athenian: (uh-THEE-nee-un) n. One who lives in Athens.
Australopithecus boisei: (aw-stray-loh-PITH-uh-kus BOIsee-iy) n. Called “southern ape” because the first fossils were found in the southern part of Africa; Charles Boise helped pay for the Leakeys’ exploration and they named the fossil after him.
authority: (uh-THOHR-i-tee) n. The rules giving one power.
Babylon: (BA-bi-lahn) n. An ancient city on the Euphrates River.
balance: (BAL-uns) n. Equal in value or weight; being in harmony.
balance of trade: (BAL-enz uhv trayd) n. The difference in value between all the imports and all the exports of a country.
bank: (bank) n. The side of a river.
barge: (bahrj) n. A large, flat-bottomed boat for carrying goods on rivers.
beacon: (BEE-kun) n. A fire or light to warn or call for help.
beg: (beg) v. To ask for something as a kindness or favor.
bilingual: (biy-LING-gwul) adj. In two languages.
boar: (bohr) n. A wild hog (with a hairy coat and a long snout).
boldly: (BOHLD-lee) adv. To do something strongly and without fear.
bondage: (BAHN-duhj) n. Slavery.
bookkeeping: (BUK-keep-ing) n. A record of trading or buying and selling.
booty: (BOOT-ee) n. Goods taken from the enemy.
boundary: (BOWN-duh-ree) n. A line or place that is the end or beginning of someone’s land.
bribe: (briyb) n. Money or favors given in order to get something done unlawfully.
brief: (breef) adj. Short; quick.
brow ridge: (brow rij) n. The part of the forehead just above the eyes.
brutal: (BROO-tul) adj. Harsh; violent.
bundle: (BUN-dul) n. A number of things tied together.
bureaucracy: (byoo-RAH-kruh-see) n. Government through departments and officials.
butcher: (BUCH-ur) v. To cut up animals for meat.
camel caravan: (KAM-ul KAYR-uh-van) n. A group of people on camels traveling across the desert together.
canal: (kuh-NAL) n. A waterway built for irrigation.
capable: (KAYP-uh-bul) adj. Able.
capital: (KAP-i-tul) n. The main city of a country or state.
carve: (kahrv) v. To make a statue by cutting wood, bone, or stone.
cast: (kast) v. To form into a shape by pouring into a mold.
caste: (kast) n. A hereditary social class.
Çatal Hüyük: (chah-TUHL hoo-YUHK) n. In the Turkish language, Çatal means “fork” and Hüyük means “mound.”
cataract: (KAT-uh-rakt) n. A large waterfall.
cavalry: (KAV-ul-ree) n. Troops on horseback.
cave: (cayv) n. An opening in a hillside.
ceiling: (SEEL-ing) n. The top of a room.
census: (SEN-sus) n. A counting of citizens.
Ceylon: (si-LAHN) n. An island to the south of India now called Sri Lanka.
channel: (CHAN-ul) n. A course through which water moves.
chant: (chant) v. To sing or say something without changing tone.
chaos: (KAY-ahs) n. Great confusion and disorder.
charioteer: (CHAYR-ee-uh-TEER) n. A chariot driver.
chivalrous: (SHIV-uhl-rus) adj. Showing the qualities of a gentleman, such as courage, fairness, courtesy, and protection of the poor.
citadel: (SIT-uh-dul) n. A walled place built on high ground to protect or defend a city.
citizen: (SIT-uh-sun) n. A member of a state or nation who has certain duties, rights, and privileges, such as the right to vote.
civil war: (SIV-ul wohr) n. War between two groups in the same country or group.
civil service: (SIV-ul SUR-vis) n. All the people who work for the government except people in the military, the people who make laws, and the judges.
cockfight: (KAHK-fiyt) n. A fight between birds trained to fight.
code: (cohd) n. A group of rules.
collapse: (kuh-LAPS) v. To fall in.
comet: (KAHM-it) n. An object that looks like a star and travels along a definite path around the sun.
command: (kuh-MAND) v. To order that something be done.
commandment: (kuh-MAND-munt) n. A law or order.
commerce: (KAHM-uhrs) n. The buying and selling of goods.
commit: (kuh-MIT) v. To do or be guilty of.
communicate: (kuh-MYOON-i-KAYT) v. To give information.
compile: (kuhm-PIYL) v. To gather and put together.
compose: (kuhm-POHZ) v. To make up; to create.
condemn: (kuhn-DEM) v. To declare to be guilty of wrongdoing.
confiscate: (KAHN-fus-kayt) v. To take private property for the government.
conflict: (KAHN-flikt) n. A difference that causes problems.
conquer: (KAHN-kur) v. To take over someone else’s land.
conscience: (KAHN-shuns) n. A person’s sense of right or wrong.
consul: (KAHN-sul) n. A government official with power to administer the law.
consult: (kuhn-SULT) v. To ask the advice of.
container: (kuhn-TAY-nur) n. A can, bottle, jug, box, or anything else for holding something.
content: (kuhn-TENT) adj. Happy with what one has; satisfied.
continually: (kuhn-TIN-yool-lee) adv. Over and over; without interruption.
control: (kuhn-TROHL) v. To run or be in charge of.
convenience: (kun-VEEN-yuhnz) n. Something useful; something that makes a person comfortable.
corrupt: (kuh-RUPT) adj. Willing to do wrong for money or other gain.
council: (KOWN-sul) n. A group of people who advise or govern.
court: (kohrt) n. The family, advisors, and attendants of a king or queen.
covenant: (KUV-i-nuhnt) n. A sacred agreement or promise.
covet: (KUHV-it) v. To want what another person has.
creative: (kree-AY-tiv) adj. Inventive; able to make something new or different.
crucify: (KROO-si-fiy) v. To kill a person by nailing their hands and feet to a cross made of wood.
cult: (kult) n. A system of religious worship or ritual.
cultivate: (KUL-ti-vayt) v. To prepare soil for planting.
cycle: (SIY-kul) n. A period of time in which certain regular events occur.
dagger: (DAG-gur) n. A short weapon with a sharp point.
damage: (DAM-ij) v. To harm or injure something; to break.
decay: (dee-KAY) v. To rot.
decipher: (dee-SIY-fur) v. To make out the meaning.
decline: (dee-KLIYN) v. To lose strength or power.
decorative: (DEK-uh-ruh-tiv) adj. Artistic; pleasing to the eye.
dedicate: (DED-i-kayt) v. To address a piece of art, music, or a book to a person (or deity) to honor or thank that person.
deed: (deed) n. Something done; an act.
defeat: (dee-FEET) v. To beat; win out over.
deity: (DEE-i-tee) n. A god or goddess.
deliver: (dee-LIV-ur) v. To set free or rescue.
delta: (DEL-tuh) n. A deposit of sand and soil at the mouth of some rivers; the delta is usually shaped like a triangle.
democracy: (duh-MAHK-ruh-see) n. Rule of the people.
desert: (DEZ-urt) n. A body of dry, sandy land with almost no water and few plants or trees.
dialect: (DIY-uh-lekt) n. The different sounds or words used by a group of people in a certain place that others using the same language do not understand.
dictator: (DIK-tay-tur) n. A ruler who has total power in government.
diplomat: (DIP-loh-mat) n. A representative of a government who conducts relations with another country.
disaster: (dee-ZAS-tur) n. A sudden event that causes great damage, loss, or destruction.
disband: (dis-BAND) v. To break up; dismiss from military service.
disciple: (di-SIY-pul) n. A student of a religious teacher.
discipline: (DIS-uh-plin) n. Strict control to make people obey rules.
discus: (DIS-kus) n. A heavy, round piece of metal thrown for distance as a test of strength and skill.
dispute: (dis-PYOOT) n. An argument or fight.
ditch: (dich) n. A long, narrow cut in the earth for carrying water.
divination: (div-uh-NAY-shun) n. The practice of trying to foretell the future.
divine right: (dih-VIYN riyt) n. The god-given right to be king.
diviner: (di-VIYN-ur) n. A person who tries to predict the future.
dolphin: (DAHL-fin) n. A mammal from the whale family that lives in the ocean.
donate: (DOH-nayt) v. To give; to contribute.
drain: (drayn) n. A pipe for carrying off water.
drama: (DRAH-muh) n. A story or play about people and their problems.
drive: (driyv) v. To force out.
drought: (drowt) n. A long period of dry weather; lack of rain.
drown: (drown) v. To sink into water, become unable to breathe, and die.
dynasty: (DIY-ni-stee) n. A line of rulers from the same family.
ebony: (EB-uh-nee) n. A hard, dark wood.
eclipse: (ee-KLIPS) n. Partial or complete darkening of the moon when the earth’s shadow falls on it; or darkening of the sun when the moon comes between it and the earth.
economic: (ek-uh-NAHM-ik) adj. Having to do with the production, distribution, and use of wealth and resources.
efficient: (i-FISH-uhnt) adj. Able; capable.
elder: (EL-dur) n. An older person (with some authority).
embalmer: (em-BAHLM-ur) n. A person who preserves a dead body from decay by using special salts or chemicals.
embroider: (em-BROI-dur) v. To make a design on material using a needle and thread.
emergency: (ee-MUR-jen-see) n. A sudden situation that needs immediate action.
empire: (EM-piyr) n. A group of states or people ruled by one person or government.
enclosure: (en-CLOH-shur) n. An area surrounded by walls.
encounter: (en-COWN-tur) v. To meet or come upon.
encourage: (en-KUR-ij) v. To urge someone to do something.
endurance: (en-DUR-uns) n. The ability to keep trying to do something even though it is difficult.
engineering: (en-juh-NEER-ing) n. The planning, design, and construction of things such as roads, bridges, or large buildings.
envious: (EN-vee-uhs) adj. To want what another has.
erupt: (i-RUPT) v. To spill over or explode suddenly.
estate: (uh-STAYT) n. Everything one owns such as land, money, or property.
exaggeration: (eg-ZAJ-jur-RAY-shun) n. A statement that makes a thing seem bigger or better or smaller or worse than it really is.
excavation: (ek-skuh-VAY-shun) n. A hole made by digging.
exchange: (eks-CHAYNJ) n. A trade; giving back and forth.
execute: (EK-si-kyoot) v. To kill.
exhausted: (eg-ZAWST-ud) adj. Very tired.
exotic: (eg-ZAHT-ik) adj. From another place; not native.
expand: (ek-SPAND) v. To grow, spread out, or get larger in size.
expedition: (ek-spuh-DISH-un) n. A trip made to explore.
expel: (ek-SPEL) v. To force out.
expert: (EK-spurt) n. A person who knows a lot about a subject.
export: (ek-SPOHRT) v. To send goods to another place to sell or trade.
extinct: (ek-STINGKT) adj. None living.
extraordinary: (ek-STROHR-duh-NAYR-ee) adj. Very special.
fabric: (FAB-rik) n. Cloth.
false: (fawls) adj. Not real; not true.
famine: (FAM-in) n. Hunger caused by a widespread lack of food.
fast: (fast) v. To stop eating for a period of time.
feat: (feet) n. A great deed or act.
fertile soil: (FURT-ul soil) n. Soil good for growing food.
Fertile Crescent: (FURT-ul KRES-ent) n. A region of rich, fertile soil that stretched from the Mediterranean Sea, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, to the Persian Gulf.
figurine: (fig-yoo-REEN) n. A small figure that is carved or molded.
flake: (flayk) n. A thin piece cut from something.
flee: (flee) v. To run away or escape from danger.
fleet: (fleet) n. A group of ships sailing together.
flint: (flint) n. A very hard stone.
flock: (flahk) n. Small numbers of animals.
flourish: (FLUR-ish) v. To grow vigorously; to be at the peak of development.
flow: (floh) v. To move in a stream.
foothill: (FOOT-hil) n. A low hill at the bottom of a mountain.
foreign: (FOHR-in) adj. From another country.
forgiveness: (fohr-GIV-nuhs) n. The act of stopping feelings of anger toward a person.
fortress: (FOHR-truhs) n. A structure or place that protects from an attack.
fossil: (FAH-sul) n. Hardened remains of a plant or animal.
fragment: (FRAG-munt) n. Broken piece.
frontier: (fruhn-TEER) n. The part of a country that borders another country or an undeveloped region.
fully upright: (FUL-lee UP-riyt) adj. Standing straight; not bent over.
functional: (FUNK-shun-ul) adj. Doing a certain job.
garment: (GAHR-munt) n. An item of clothing worn on the body.
genesis: (JEN-i-sus) n. The beginning; origin; creation.
genus and species: (JEE-nes and SPEE-sheez) n. A way of grouping plants and animals by their characteristics; the genus “Homo” means human; modern human beings are called Homo sapiens.
geologist: (jee-AHL-uh-jist) n. A person who studies the earth’s crust (the outer layer).
geometric: (jee-uh-MET-rik) adj. Designs using lines and shapes.
glacier: (GLAY-shur) n. A large mass of ice and snow that forms faster than the snow can melt.
gladiator: (GLAD-ee-ay-tur) n. An armed fighter who battles another person or a wild animal as public entertainment.
glorify: (GLOHR-i-fiy) v. To surround with praise.
glorious: (GLOHR-ree-us) adj. Being at the height of prosperity or achievement.
gnat: (nat) n. A small insect that flies.
gorge: (gohrj) n. A deep, narrow pass with steep sides.
gourd: (gohrd) n. A fruit used for decoration.
granite: (GRAN-it) n. A hard stone used for building.
grid: (grid) n. A framework of parallel lines.
grip: (grip) v. To hold firmly with the hand.
hail: (hayl) n. Frozen raindrops; pieces of ice that sometimes fall during thunderstorms.
handicap: (HAN-dee-kap) n. Something that makes life difficult for a person.
handicraft: (HAN-dee-kraft) n. An art piece made by hand.
harpoon: (hahr-POON) n. A spear with a rope tied to it.
harrow: (HAYR-oh) n. A farm tool used to smooth the soil.
harsh: (hahrsh) adj. Extreme; severe; cruel.
hearth: (hahrth) n. The stones the fire sits on.
height: (hiyt) n. The highest point.
hemp: (hemp) n. A tall plant with tough fibers.
heritage: (HAYR-uh-tij) n. A person’s culture and traditions passed down by one’s parents.
hieroglyphic: (hiy-roh-GLIF-ik) n. A picture or symbol used in ancient Egyptian writing.
Hindu Kush: (HIN-doo kush) n. A mountain range in Central Asia.
hitch: (hich) v. To fasten or hook onto something.
hoe blade: (hoh blayd) n. A tool used for cultivating, weeding, or loosening the earth around plants.
honesty: (AHN-is-tee) n. Truthfulness.
honor: (AHN-ur) v. To show great respect for.
hut: (hut) n. A small house made of wood or branches.
hymn: (him) n. A song in praise of a deity.
ideograph: (ID-ee-oh-graf) n. A symbol representing an idea.
idol: (IY-dul) n. A picture or likeness of a false god.
imitate: (IM-uh-tayt) v. To copy.
impetuous: (im-PECH-yoo-us) adj. Acting suddenly with little thought.
import: (im-POHRT) v. To bring goods into one place from another.
imprison: (im-PRIZ-in) v. To put in prison or jail.
independent: (IN-dee-PEN-dent) adj. Not under the control of another.
influential: (IN-floo-EN-shul) adj. Powerful; having power over people because of one’s position.
ingot: (ING-it) n. Metal cast into a bar.
inherit: (in-HAYR-it) v. To receive something as the result of another’s death.
inscription: (in-SKRIP-shun) n. Something engraved (carved) on stones or coins.
insist: (in-SIST) v. To continue to ask or demand.
integrity: (in-TEG-ri-tee) n. Honesty; sincerity.
interact: (in-tur-AKT) v. To do things together.
intrigue: (in-TREEG) n. A plot in secret.
invade: (in-VAYD) v. To come in as an enemy.
invent: (in-VENT) v. To think up new ideas or ways to do things.
irrigate: (IR-uh-gayt) v. To supply with water.
island: (IY-land) n. A piece of land completely surrounded by water.
isolate: (IY-suh-layt) v. To stay apart; avoid others.
ivory: (IY-vuh-ree) n. The hard, white material of which the tusks of elephants and walruses are made.
Jawaharlal Nehru: (juh-wah-her-LAHL NAY-roo) n. Prime minister of India from 1947 to 1964.
jealous: (JEL-us) adj. Afraid of losing what one has or wishing for what another person has.
juggler: (JUG-lur) n. A person who performs tricks with balls.
Karnak: (KAHR-nak) n. A city in Egypt.
kidnap: (KID-nap) v. To take a person by force from one place to another.
kiln: (kiln) n. A very hot oven used to harden clay objects.
Korea: (kuh-REE-uh) n. A country east of China.
lancer: (LAN-sur) n. A soldier who carries a lance, a long wooden weapon with a sharp metal tip.
lava: (LAH-vah) n. Melted rock from a volcano.
legal: (LEE-gul) adj. Something that is right under the law.
legend: (LEJ-uhnd) n. A story handed down through generations; a myth.
legendary: (LEJ-uhn-DAYR-ee) adj. Famous.
levee: (LEV-ee) n. A special wall built along a river to keep water from flooding the land.
level: (LEV-ul) n. At the same height; not above or below.
libation: (liy-BAY-shun) n. The ritual of pouring out wine or oil on the ground to honor a god.
limestone: (LIYM-stohn) n. A kind of rock.
literature: (LIT-ur-uh-CHUR) n. Stories, poetry, and other writings.
living-floor: (LIV-ing-FLOHR) n. A place where people lived or camped.
local: (LOH-kul ) adj. Of a certain place.
locust: (LOH-kust) n. A type of grasshopper.
loess highlands: (LOH-es HIY-lunds) n. A high area above the North China Plain covered by deep layers of windblown yellow soil called loess.
loom: (loom) n. A machine for weaving thread into cloth.
lotus: (LOH-tus) n. A water lily.
loyalty: (LOI-ul-tee) n. Being true to a friend, a country, or a cause.
luxury: (LUK-shur-ee) n. Something you would like to have, but don’t need.
lyre: (liyr) n. A musical instrument.
Macedonia: (MAS-uh-DOH-nee-uh) n. An ancient kingdom north of Greece.
male: (mayl) n. Boy or man.
malnutrition: (mal-noo-TRI-shun) n. A condition caused by lack of healthy food.
management: (MAN-ij-munt) n. The handling or running of something.
mansion: (MAN-shun) n. A large, impressive house.
manufactured: (MAN-yoo-FAK-shurd) adj. Made in a factory or workshop.
martial: (MAHR-shul) adj. Having to do with war.
Mauryan: (MAHR-yuhn) adj. Name of a line of conquering kings.
maximum: (MAK-si-mum) n. The greatest amount possible.
maze: (mayz) n. A puzzling set of paths or passageways.
mechanical: (muh-KAN-i-kul) adj. Worked by machines.
medicinal: (muh-DIS-un-ul) adj. Healing.
meditation: (MED-i-TAY-shun) n. The act of thinking about spiritual things; in Buddhism, calming the mind.
memorize: (MEM-uh-riyz) v. To learn by heart.
Meroë: (MAYR-uh-wee) n. The capital of Kush.
Messiah: (muh-SIY-uh) n. The expected leader or deliverer of the Jews.
middle class: (MID-ul klas) n. The social class between the very rich and the lower working class; people in business, the professions, highly skilled workers, and well-to-do farmers.
migrate: (MIY-grayt) v. To move from one place to settle in another place.
military: (MIL-uh-TAYR-ee) n. People or places having to do with an army or navy.
mine: (miyn) n. A large hole dug into the earth from which copper, gold, or other minerals are taken.
minor: (MIY-nur) adj. Less important than others.
miracle: (MIR-uh-kul) n. Something almost beyond belief; an event or action that seems to go against scientific laws and is thought to have a supernatural cause.
misery: (MIZ-uh-ree) n. A condition of great pain; suffering.
missionary: (MISH-uh-NAYR-ee) n. A person sent to tell other people about a religion.
moderation: (MAHD-ur-AY-shun) n. Avoiding extremes.
mold: (mohld) n. A hollow form used to give shape to something poured into it.
monk: (muhnk) n. A man who joins a religious group and lives away from the rest of society.
monumental: (MAHN-yoo-MEN-tul) adj. Very large, solid, and long-lasting.
moral: (MOHR-uhl) adj. Having to do with principles of right and wrong.
mortar: (MOHR-tur) n. Dry powder that hardens when mixed with water.
mound: (mownd) n. A pile of dirt; a small hill.
mountain range: (MOWN-tuhn raynj) n. A group of mountains forming a line.
mummy: (MUHM-mee) n. A dead body that is handled in a special way to keep it from decaying.
murder: (MUR-dur) v. To kill.
musk: (muhsk) n. An oil from an animal used in making perfumes.
myrrh: (mur) n. A kind of gum or resin from a tree used in perfumes, medicines, or incense.
myth: (mith) n. A story told over and over that explains something about nature, the customs, or religious beliefs of a people.
native: (NAY-tiv) n. A person born in a certain city, region, or country.
Near East: (neer eest) n. The countries near or east of the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
niche: (nich) n. A small hole or hollow place in a wall.
noble: (NOH-bul) 1. adj. Having high moral qualities or ideals. 2. n. A person who is a member of the ruling family.
nomadic: (noh-MAD-ik) adj. Having no permanent home; moving about in search of food.
oarsman: (OHRZ-mun) n. A person who rows a boat.
obedience: (oh-BEE-dee-unz) n. Doing what is ordered.
obelisk: (OHB-ul-isk) n. A tall pillar set up in honor of a special event, person, or deity.
obstacle: (AHB-stuh-kul) n. Something in the way that makes it hard to do what a person is trying to do.
occupation: (AHK-yoo-PAY-shun) n. Job.
offering: (AHF-ring) n. A gift made in worship.
oracle: (OHR-uh-kul) n. An announcement from a deity.
ore: (ohr) n. Rock or earth that has iron, silver, copper, or other metals in it.
organ: (OHR-gin) n. A part of the body which does certain work; the stomach, liver, heart, and lungs are organs.
ornate: (ohr-NAYT) adj. Heavily decorated.
ostrich: (AHS-trij) n. A very large bird that cannot fly, but can run very fast.
overseer: (OH-vur-SEE-ur) n. A person in charge of others; a supervisor.
palace: (PAL-us) n. A very large building in which kings, queens, and their families live.
papyrus: (puh-PIY-rus) n. A plant from which people of ancient civilizations made a paper-like material to write on.
parable: (PAYR-uh-bul) n. A short, simple story that tells a lesson.
paralyzed: (PAYR-ul-iyzd) adj. Not able to move.
parasite: (PAYR-uh-siyt) n. A person who lives at the expense of another without making a contribution.
pastime: (PAS-tiym) n. A way of spending spare time; hobby; anything done for amusement or recreation.
penalty: (PEN-ul-tee) n. Punishment for breaking a rule or law.
peninsula: (puh-NIN-suh-luh) n. A land area almost entirely surrounded by water.
permanent: (PUR-muh-nunt) adj. Made to last a long time.
persecute: (PUR-suh-KYOOT) v. To attack, injure, or bother constantly because of religion, politics, or race.
Persia: (PUR-zhuh) n. A country in western Asia now known as Iran.
pharaoh: (FAYR-roh) n. The leader or king of ancient Egypt.
pheasant: (FEZ-unt) n. A bird with a long, sweeping tail and brightly colored feathers.
philosopher: (fuh-LAHS-uh-fur) n. A person who thinks about and studies the basic questions of life.
plague: (playg) n. A disease that kills many people at one time.
plain: (playn) n. A stretch of flat, level country.
planet: (PLAN-it) n. A heavenly body that shines by reflected sunlight and revolves around the sun.
plaque: (plak) n. A thin, flat piece of wood, metal, glass, or clay used for ornamentation.
plaster: (PLAS-tur) n. A mixture of clay, sand, and water.
platform: (PLAT-fohrm) n. A part of the floor that is higher than the rest.
plot: (plaht) n. An area of ground.
plumbing: (PLUM-ing) n. A system of pipes through which water passes in and out of a building.
polish: (PAHL-ish) v. To smooth and brighten.
political: (puh-LIT-i-kul) adj. Having to do with government.
popular: (PAHP-yuh-lur) adj. Liked by people.
porridge: (POHR-ij) n. A cereal.
port: (pohrt) n. A city or town with a harbor where ships can load and unload goods.
possession: (poh-ZESH-uhn) n. Something a person owns.
potter’s wheel: (PAHT-uhrz hweel) n. A turning wheel used to shape clay.
practical: (PRAK-ti-kul) adj. Useful.
preach: (preech) v. To talk in public on a religious subject.
prehistoric: (PREE-his-TOHR-ik) adj. The time before written history.
preserve: (pree-ZURV) v. To keep from spoiling or going bad.
preside: (pree-ZIYD) v. To run or rule over.
priest: (preest) n. A religious leader.
principle: (PRIN-suh-pul) n. A law upon which other laws are based.
produce: (PROH-doos) n. Farm products.
prohibit: (proh-HIB-it) v. To not allow.
Promised Land: (PRAHM-ist land) n. Canaan, in the Bible, the land promised by God to Abraham and his descendents.
properly: (PRAH-pur-lee) adv. Correctly; to do something as it should be done.
prosperous: (PRAHS-pur-us) adj. Successful; well-off.
province: (PRAHV-inz) n. Territory; region.
public: (PUB-lik) adj. For the use of all.
punish: (PUN-ish) v. To cause pain or suffering.
Punt: (punt) n. Probably present-day Somalia.
pursue: (pur-SOO) v. To chase or go after.
pyramid: (PIR-uh-mid) n. An ancient building where a dead body is placed; most are found in Egypt.
quarry: (KWOHR-ee) n. A place from which stone is cut.
rage: (rayj) v. To show violent anger.
raid: (rayd) v. To make a sudden, hostile attack.
rank: (raynk) n. A social class.
raw: (rah) adj. In its natural, unchanged condition.
raw materials: (rah muh-TIR-ee-ulz) n. Things such as animal skins, wood, or gold that can be used to make other things.
realize: (REE-ul-iyz) v. To understand.
reap: (reep) v. To gather a crop by cutting.
rebel: 1. (REB-ul) n. A person who openly resists authority. 2. (ree-BEL) v. To turn against.
recite: (ree-SIYT) v. To speak aloud from memory.
refuse: (ree-FYOOZ) v. To not do as asked.
region: (REE-juhn) n. An area; a place.
reincarnation: (REE-in-kahr-NAY-shun) n. Rebirth of the soul in another body.
relief sculpture: (ree-LEEF SKULP-chur) n. A picture made by carving into wood, metal, or stone; the carved figures stand out from the background.
remain: (ree-MAYN) v. To stay.
remarkable: (ree-MAHR-kuh-bul) adj. Unusual; extraordinary.
remorse: (ree-MOHRS) n. A deep sense of guilt; regret.
remote: (ree-MOHT) adj. Distant; faraway.
repair: (ree-PAYR) v. To put back in good condition; to fix.
republic: (ree-PUB-lik) n. A government in which people elect their leaders.
resin: (REZ-in) n. A sticky material that comes from trees and plants.
result: (ri-ZULT) v. To cause to happen; to effect.
resurrection: (REZ-uh-REK-shun) n. A rising from the dead; a coming back to life; a renewal of life.
revered: (ree-VEERD) adj. Very highly thought of.
revolt: (ree-VOHLT) v. To turn or fight against.
rickets: (RIK-itz) n. A disease of the bones.
right: (riyt) n. Something a person has a just claim to, such as the right of free speech.
riot: (RIY-uht) n. Wild or violent disorder of a group of people.
rite: (riyt) n. A religious ceremony.
ritual: (RICH-yoo-uhl) n. A set form of religious rites.
river basin: (RIV-ur BAY-sun) n. The area drained by a river and its branches.
roam: (rohm) v. To move from place to place.
royal: (ROI-ul) adj. Belonging to the family of a king or queen.
rubbing: (RUB-ing) n. A picture made by placing a paper over the surface to be copied and moving a crayon or pencil back and forth.
rugged: (RUG-uhd) adj. Rough; severe; harsh.
ruins: (ROO-inz) n. The remains of a building or city.
ruthless: (ROOTH-lus) adj. Without pity.
Sabbath: (SAB-uth) n. A day set aside for worship; Saturday in the Jewish religion; Sunday in the Christian religion.
sacred: (SAY-krid) adj. Belonging to a god or goddess; holy.
sacrifice: (SAK-ri-fiys) n. An offering of the life of an animal or human.
sage: (sayj) n. A very wise person.
sanctuary: (SANGK-shoo-AYR-ree) n. A part of a church or temple.
scholar: (SKAH-lur) n. An advanced student; an educated person who may teach or do research.
scribe: (skriyb) n. A person who does the writing for others.
script: (skript) n. Written words.
scroll: (skrohl) n. A roll of parchment or paper, usually with writing on it.
scrounge: (skrownj) v. To try to find as best one can.
sea: (see) n. A large body of water, usually salt water.
second-class: (sek-UND klas) adj. Considered inferior; lower in value.
seek: (seek) v. To try to find; look for.
separation: (SEP-uh-ray-shun) n. A dividing up.
sermon: (SUR-mun) n. A speech giving instruction in religion.
servant: (SUR-vunt) n. A person who works in or around the home of someone else.
settlement: (SET-ul-munt) n. A village.
shadoof: (shah-DOOF) n. A device that consists of a long pole with a bucket on one end and a weight on the other to draw water to irrigate the fields.
shape: (shayp) v. To give a form or direction to.
shore: (shohr) n. The land bordering a large body of water.
shrine: (shriyn) n. An altar, chapel, or other place of worship.
siege: (seej) n. A type of warfare in which an army camps around a town and fights to destroy it.
sift: (sift) v. To pass through a screen; to separate.
silt: (silt) n. Soil or sand left behind by water.
site: (siyt) n. A place; location.
skeleton: (SKEL-uh-tun) n. The bones of an animal or person.
slag: (slag) n. Material left over when metal has been separated from ore.
slave: (slayv) n. A person who is owned by others and must work for and obey them.
smelting furnace: (SMEL-ting FUR-nis) n. A hot oven used to melt ore and separate it from slag.
society: (suh-SIY-i-tee) n. A community having shared traditions, activities, or interests.
solstice: (SOHL-stis) n. The point at which the sun is farthest north or south of the equator.
soothing: (SOOTH-ing) adj. Something that comforts and creates a nice feeling.
specialist: (SPESH-uh-list) n. A person who does a certain kind of work.
specimen: (SPES-uh-muhn) n. A sample or an example.
spiritual: (SPIR-i-choo-uhl) adj. Having to do with things of the spirit.
sportsmanlike: (SPOHRTZ-muhn-liyk) adj. Losing without complaining, winning without bragging, and treating others with fairness.
stable: (STAY-bul) n. A place where horses and other animals are kept.
stampede: (stam-PEED) v. To cause a sudden running away of a group of frightened animals.
standard: (STAN-durd) n. An object such as a flag or banner, used as a symbol of a group of people.
starvation: (stahr-VAY-shun) n. Becoming weak from hunger.
steatite: (STEE-uh-tiyt) n. A soft stone.
stele: (STEE-lee) n. An upright stone or pillar, engraved with writing.
stencil: (STEN-sul) v. To make a pattern by covering up places that will not be painted.
steppe: (step) n. A plain with few or no trees.
subcontinent: (SUHB-KAHN-tuh-nent) n. A large piece of land, somewhat separated but still a part of a continent.
subdue: (suhb-DOO) v. To conquer.
subject: (suhb-JEKT) n. A person under the authority or control of a group.
superior: (soo-PIR-ee-ur) adj. Higher in value, power, or authority.
supervise: (SOO-pur-viyz) v. To be in charge of.
surname: (SUR-naym) n. Last name; family name.
surplus: (SUR-plus) n. More than what is needed; extra.
surrender: (suh-REN-dur) v. To give in or accept defeat.
survive: (sur-VIYV) v. To live through.
suspect: (suh-SPEKT) v. To believe, but not be sure.
suspicious: (suh-SPISH-us) adj. To have no trust in.
swamp: (swahmp) n. Land that is very wet most of the time.
syllable: (SIL-uh-bul) n. A group of letters that make one sound.
symbol: (SIM-bul) n. A written mark that stands for an object or idea.
tanned: (tand) adj. Made into leather.
tanner: (TAN-ur) n. Someone who works with animal hides to make leather.
technology: (tek-NAHL-uh-jee) n. Progress in the use of tools.
temple: (TEM-pul) n. A building for the worship of a god or gods.
tend: (tend) v. To look after.
tenement: (TEN-uh-ment) n. Apartments that are rundown and overcrowded.
tension: (TEN-shun) n. A pull from two different directions; a strain.
terrace: (TAYR-us) n. An area of flat land, one above the other, on a hillside.
territory: (TAYR-uh-tohr-ee) n. Land or country.
terror: (TAYR-ur) n. Intense fear.
terrorize: (TAYR-ur-iyz) v. To cause fear by act or threat of violence.
terrors: (TAYR-urs) n. Things that make one afraid.
testimony: (TES-tuh-MOH-nee) n. Statement or evidence.
text: (tekst) n. A piece of writing.
throne: (throhn) n. The chair of a king, but also a symbol of the power of the king.
tidal wave: (TIY-dul wayv) n. A giant wall of water called a tsunami caused by a storm in the ocean, earthquake, or volcanic eruption.
timber: (TIM-bur) n. Wood suitable for building houses or ships.
token: (TOH-kun) n. A piece of clay that stands for something else (one token for each cow or sheep).
tolerance: (TAHL-uh-renz) n. Respect for the beliefs of others.
tomb: (toom) n. A building where a dead body is placed; grave.
Torah: (TOHR-uh) n. The sacred history and laws of the Israelites.
tournament: (TUR-nah-ment) n. Contest in a sport.
tradition: (truh-DISH-un) n. A story, belief, or custom handed down from parents or grandparents to children.
transform: (tranz-FOHRM) v. To change.
transportation: (TRANZ-pur-TAY-shun) n. A way to get from one place to another without walking.
treason: (TREE-zun) n. Betrayal of one’s country.
treasure: (TREZH-ur) n. Valuables such as gold, silver, and jewels.
trench: (trench) n. A long narrow ditch.
tribune: (TRIB-yoonz) n. A Roman official appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians.
triumphantly: (triy-UM-funt-lee) adv. With pride in winning or being a winner.
triumvirate: (triy-UM-vur-it) n. Government by three people.
tung: (tuhng) n. An oil from a tree used in paint to give a shiny finish that is water-resistant.
turquoise: (TUR-koiz) n. A blue to blue-green substance found in rocks, used to make jewelry.
twin: (twin) adj. Describing one of two persons or things that are very much alike.
tyrant: (TIY-ruhnt) n. A cruel ruler.
uniformity: (YOO-nuh-FOHR-muh-tee) n. Always being the same; not changing.
unique: (yoo-NEEK) adj. Different from all others.
university: (YOO-nuh-VUR-suh-tee) n. A place of higher education; a group of colleges.
vain: (vayn) adj. To greatly admire one’s own looks,possessions, or abilities.
vast: (vast) adj. Of very great size; huge.
vendor: (VEN-dur) n. A person who sells things.
vessel: (VES-ul) n. A container such as a vase, bowl, or pitcher, used for holding something.
Vietnam: (vee-uht-NAHM) n. A country south of China.
volcano: (vahl-KAY-noh) n. A hole in the earth’s crust through which hot ashes or lava (melted rock) come out.
waterproof: (WAH-tur-proof) v. To make something so that it cannot soak up any water.
wealth: (welth) n. Much money or property; riches.
whim: (hwim) n. Sudden fancy or desire.
wreck: (rek) v. To tear apart, destroy, or ruin.
yoga: (YOH-guh) n. A system of concentration and exercise used in the Hindu religion.
ziggurat: (ZIG-uh-raht) n. A type of temple with a one-room shrine at the top.
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